Site Map (Alphabetical)

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• - Fragile X Syndrome - Fragile X Disease - Fragile X Chromosome
  Fragile X is the most common inherited form of mental retardation. Fragile X results from a change, or mutation, in a single gene, which can be passed from one generation to the next. Fragile X appears in families of every ethnic group and income level.
  
  
• Aarskog Scott Syndrome - Aarskog Syndrome Life Expectancy
  Aarskog syndrome is an genetic disorder. Aarskog syndrome causes changes in the size and shape of certain bones and cartilage in the body. The face, fingers, and toes are most often affected. Aarskog syndrome is caused by a gene mutation that is passed from mothers to male children.
  
  
• Achalasia Causes - Diet for Achalasia
  Achalasia is a disorder of the smooth muscle of the esophagus. The esophagus is a muscular tube that carries food and liquids from the mouth to the stomach. Achalasia makes it difficult for food and liquid to pass into the stomach from the esophagus.
  
  
• Achilles Tendonitis Treatment - Chronic Achilles Tendonitis
  Achilles tendinitis is an inflammation of the Achilles tendon. The Achilles tendon connects the calf muscles to the heel bone. The Achilles tendon can become irritated for many reasons including lack of flexibility of the calf muscles or running too much.
  
  
• Achondroplasia Dwarfism - Achondroplasia Genetics
  Achondroplasia is a genetic disorder that causes dwarfism. Achondroplasia is a disorder in which bone and cartilage do not grow normally. Achondroplasia leads to patients attaining a full-grown height of less than four feet. The greatest shortening occurs in the humerus and the femur.
  
  
• Acne Medicine - Acne Solution - Acne Treatment
  Acne is a condition in which the pores of the skin become clogged and inflamed. These clogged pores can result in blackheads or pimples. Acne tends to occur in teenagers, but can also occur in adults. Acne starts in the skin's sebaceous glands, which secrete an oily substance called sebum.
  
  
• Acoustic Neuroma Treatment - Acoustic Neuroma Symptom
  An acoustic neuroma is a benign tumor on the eighth cranial nerve leading from the brainstem to the ear. This nerve is involved in hearing and maintaining equilibrium. Acoustic neuromas grow relatively slowly. The exact cause of an acoustic neuroma is unknown.
  
  
• Acromegaly Head Injury - History of Acromegaly
  Acromegaly is a disorder of excessive bone and soft tissue growth due to elevated levels of growth hormones. In young children, prior to the completed fusion and growth of bones, excessive growth hormones can cause a similar condition called gigantism. In most cases, acromegaly is caused by over-secretion of growth hormones produced by a benign tumor of the pituitary gland.
  
  
• Actinic Keratosis Treatment - Hypertrophic Actinic Keratosis
  Actinic keratosis is precancerous skin growths on sun-exposed areas. Years of sunlight exposure damages skin and causes it to grow abnormally. Symptoms of Actinic keratosis may include rough, scaly, or crusted patches on sun-exposed areas.
  
  
• Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia - Leukemia Symptom
  Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is a cancer of the blood and bone marrow, in which the bone marrow makes too many lymphocytes. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia begins in immature lymphocytes and progresses very quickly.
  
  
• Acuvue Advance Astigmatism - Astigmatism Contact Lens
  There are two common types of astigmatism, corneal astigmatism and lenticular astigmatism. Corneal astigmatism is when the cornea is misshaped. Lenticular astigmatism is when the lens is misshaped. There are several treatment options for astigmatism. If you suspect you have astigmatism, contact your doctor.
  
  
• Adrenoleukodystrophy Nausea - Cause of Adrenoleukodystrophy
  Adrenoleukodystrophy is a inherited genetic disorder. Adrenoleukodystrophy results in degeneration of the fatty insulation covering on nerve fibers in the brain. Symptoms of Adrenoleukodystrophy may include vision loss, seizures, hearing loss and progressive dementia.
  
  
• Adult ADHD - ADHD Treatment - ADHD Medication
  Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a chronic behavioral disorder of childhood onset by age seven. It is characterized by behavior that is hyperactive, impulsive or inattentive. These behaviors must persist for at least six months and be present in two environments such as home, work or school.
  
  
• Agoraphobia Treatment - Agoraphobia Symptom
  Agoraphobia is an irrational fear of being trapped in places or situations where escape could be difficult or impossible. People with agoraphobia often will not leave the house. It often occurs in association with panic disorder. The exact cause of agoraphobia is unknown.
  
  
• Allergic Rhinitis Symptom - Non Allergic Rhinitis
  Allergic rhinitis is the set of symptoms that occur when you breathe in substances to which you are allergic. The symptoms of allergic rhinitis occur when your body's immune system responds excessively to an allergen. Common allergens include dust mites, pollen, animal dander, and molds.
  
  
• Alopecia Hair Loss - Alopecia Areata - Alopecia Totalis
  Alopecia refers to hair loss in areas of skin that normally have hair. Many things can cause alopecia, including stress that prompts growing hairs to shed or an allergic reaction to medications. Alopecia symptoms depend on the type of hair loss.
  
  
• Alzheimers Symptom - Alzheimers Disease - Alzheimers Treatment
  Alzheimers disease is a progressive condition that destroys brain cells and structures. People with Alzheimers disease slowly lose the ability to learn, function and remember. The cause of Alzheimers disease is not yet known.
  
  
• Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - ALS Symptoms
  Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive nervous system disorder. ALS gradually destroys the nerves responsible for muscle movement. Over time, ALS leads to total paralysis of muscle movement, including respiration.
  
  
• Anal Fissure Surgery - Anal Fissure Treatment
  An anal fissure is a painful cut in the lining of the anus. The anus is the opening through which stool passes from the body. Tears generally occur just inside the opening. Most anal fissures are caused by hard, dry stool that is associated with constipation.
  
  
• Anaphylaxis Shock - Anaphylaxis Treatment - Idiopathic Anaphylaxis
  Anaphylaxis is a severe, sometimes life-threatening, allergic reaction. The reaction includes hives, facial swelling and breathing difficulties. Substances that cause anaphylaxis are often called allergens or triggers. Common triggers include antibiotics,seizure medications and muscle relaxants.
  
  
• Anemia Aplastic Treatment - Anemia Aplastic Symptom
  Aplastic anemia is a noncontagious disease which occurs when the bone marrow stops producing blood cells. Aplastic anemia can either be diagnosed as idiopathic but usually environmental factors may be the cause. In very rare cases, aplastic anemia can be hereditary. The severity of aplastic anemia can range from mild to severe. If you suspect you have aplastic anemia, contact your doctor immediately.
  
  
• Aneurism Aortic Thoracic - Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
  Atherosclerosis is frequently associated with an aortic aneurysm. However, it is not thought that Atherosclerosis alone causes the growth of an aortic aneurysm. It is believed that other factors, such as high blood pressure or connective tissue disorders, must be present for an aortic aneurysm to form. Treatment for an aortic aneurysm include surgery and stenting.
  
  
• Ankle Fracture Treatment - Bimalleolar Ankle Fracture
  An ankle fracture is a break in one or more of the three bones that make up the ankle joint. An ankle fracture can occur when the joint is forced beyond its normal range of motion or there is a direct blow to the bone itself.
  
  
• Ankle Sprain Treatment - Severe Ankle Sprain
  An ankle sprain is a tear of the ligaments that support the ankle. Ligaments are strong bands of tissue that cross joints and connect bones to each other. Ankle sprains may be caused by falling or sudden twisting of the ankle. When you have a ankle sprain, you will likely have pain, swelling and bruising around the ankle.
  
  
• Ankylosing Spondylitis Treatment - Ankylosing Spondylitis Symptoms
  Ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that causes arthritis of the spine and hips. Ankylosing spondylitis can also affect other joints such as the knees, and can cause inflammation of the eyes, lungs, or heart valves.
  
  
• Anorexia Nervosa Treatment - Anorexia Nervosa Symptoms
  Anorexia often leads to a number of serious medical problems including amenorrhea, osteoporosis and cardiac abnormalities. The cause of anorexia nervosa is not known. It appears that hereditary and environmental factors play a role. Early detection and treatment has been successful at preventing Anorexia Nervosa.
  
  
• Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Injury - Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tear
  An anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is a tear in the ACL ligament. The ACL is located in the middle of the knee joint and connects the lower leg bone to the thigh bone and prevents the leg bone from sliding too far forward at the knee, which would cause instability. Most ACL tears occur during non-contact injuries, such as pivoting or making a sudden stop.
  
  
• Anthrax Symptoms - Anthrax Vaccine - Anthrax Attack
  Human-to-human transfer of anthrax has not been documented and is considered extremely unlikely to occur. Anthrax occurs after exposure to infected animals, their products, or spores. It is difficult to tell if you have been exposed to Anthrax. Anthrax is colorless and has no smell or taste. Seek medical care if you suspect you have had contact with anthrax.
  
  
• Antisocial Personality Disorder - Antisocial Disorder Personality Treatment
  Antisocial personality disorder is much more common in males than females. To be diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder a person must be at least 18 years old but have had symptoms of conduct disorder before age 15. These symptoms include aggression toward people or animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, and serious breaking of rules.
  
  
• Anxiety Adjustment Disorder - Dysthymia Adjustment Disorder
  Adjustment disorder is an excessive reaction to a stressful event or situation. This reaction seriously impairs social and occupational functioning. Adjustment disorder is different from other mental illnesses in that its duration is relatively brief. Adjustment disorders can affect individuals of all ages.
  
  
• Anxiety Attacks - Social Anxiety - Anxiety Disorders
  Anxiety is a normal state of tension in response to a real or perceived threat. Although anxiety is considered a normal response to temporary periods of stress or uncertain situations, prolonged periods of anxiety may indicate an anxiety disorder. Other indicators of an anxiety disorder are anxiety that occurs without an external threat and anxiety that impairs daily functioning.
  
  
• Aortic Dissection Surgery - Acute Aortic Dissection -
  Aortic dissection occurs when the layers of the aorta separate. The aorta is the main artery leading from the heart. Aortic dissection is a life-threatening event since it can cause stroke, sudden heart failure or death to a number of vital organs.
  
  
• Aortic Valve Regurgitation - Aneurism Aortic
  Aortic regurgitation is a heart condition in which the valve between the left ventricle and the aorta malfunctions. Possible structural causes of aortic regurgitation include the aortic valve itself is deformed and malfunctions or a heart deformity near the valve affects the valve’s functioning.
  
  
• Aplastic Anemia - Hemolytic Anemia - Pernicious Anemia
  With anemia of chronic disease, the body cannot effectively use iron to make new red blood cells even though levels of stored iron in the body’s tissue are normal or high. As a result, the number of healthy new red blood cells gradually falls. Similarly, levels of hemoglobin, the component of red blood cells that carries oxygen to the tissues and muscles, also drop. Although anemia of chronic disease is the second most common form of anemia. It is rarely severe.
  
  
• Applied Behavior Analysis Techniques - Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis
  ABA therapists teach children with developmental delays through intensive one-on-one therapy sessions. Treatment is based heavily on functional assessment, data, and family input. ABA therapists use reinforcements and consequences during therapy sessions to slowly shape behavior. The same principles are also used to reduce negative behavior.
  
  
• ARDS Disease - ARDS Treatment
  Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening lung condition. It is a form of breathing failure that can occur in severely injured people. ARDS can be caused by many types of injuries, including chest trauma and breathing smoke, chemicals or salt water.
  
  
• Arsenic Poisoning Symptoms - Arsenic Water Treatment
  There is no effective treatment for arsenic toxicity, although there is increasing evidence that treatment with certain drugs may benefit some arsenic poisoned persons. To help reduce your chances of getting arsenic toxicity
  
  
• Arteriovenous Malformation of the Brain - Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformation
  Arteries in arteriovenous malformations don’t follow this pattern. They dump blood directly into veins through a channel called a fistula, an abnormal tube-like opening. The blood flow through this fistula is extremely fast. The cause of arteriovenous malformations is unknown.
  
  
• Asbestosis Symptoms - Asbestosis Mesothelioma
  Asbestosis can develop even when exposure to asbestos ended years before. The severity of asbestosis depends on the amount and length of time of exposure to asbestos. Symptoms get worse as asbestosis progresses and may include shortness of breath or chest pain.
  
  
• Ascariasis Symptoms - Ascariasis Treatment
  Ascariasis is an intestinal worm infestation. Ascariasis is cause by ingesting food or water contaminated by feces containing parasites. The following factors increase your chances of developing ascariasis, eating unsanitary food or drinking unclean water.
  
  
• Aseptic Necrosis - Aseptic technique
  Aseptic necrosis of the hip is the death of bone tissue in the head of the femur due to an inadequate blood supply. The few symptoms of aseptic necrosis of the hip are nonspecific and may be caused by other, less serious health conditions.
  
  
• Asperger Syndrome - Asperger syndrome behavior
  Asperger syndrome is a pervasive developmental disorder resulting in social and behavioral problems. Autism is another condition within this category. Whether Asperger syndrome is a distinct disease or a type of autism is a matter of debate within the medical community.
  
  
• Aspergillus Fumigatus - Aspergillus Niger - Aspergillus Mold
  Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is an allergic lung disorder. It is related to the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. ABPA is caused by an allergic reaction to inhaled Aspergillus fumigatus. Aspergillus fumigatus is a common fungus. It grows and flourishes in decaying vegetation, soil, certain foods, dust and water.
  
  
• Aspergillus Mold - spergillus Niger - Aspergillus Fumigatus
  Aspergillus is a common type of fungi found all over the world. Several species of Aspergillus can cause human respiratory disease, but infection is highly unusual except in people with a chronic lung disease, compromised immunity due to HIV infection or prolonged chemotherapy or steroid usage.
  
  
• Aspiration Pneumonia Symptoms - Aspiration Pneumonia Treatment
  Symptoms for aspiration pneumonia include swallowing problems and frequent coughing. Treatment options for aspiration pneumonia include antibiotics or breathing assistance. To help reduce your chances of getting aspiration pneumonia, change the texture of your foods. You may need to thicken liquids or chop or puree solids.
  
  
• Asthma Treatment - Asthma Symptoms - Asthma Attack
  Asthma is inflammation and narrowing of the airways. The cause of asthma is not known. It does seem to run in some families. Possible triggers of an asthma attack in a person with asthma include cold weather or exposure to irritants or allergens.
  
  
• Astrocytoma Brain Tumor - Anaplastic Astrocytoma - Pilocytic Astrocytoma
  Astrocytoma is a cancerous, type of brain tumor. This type of tumor arises from small, star-shaped cells in the brain called astrocytes. Astrocytes are one of several types of supporting cells in the brain called glial cells. Therefore, an astrocytoma is sometimes called a glioma.
  
  
• Atrial Fibrillation Cause - Atrial Fibrillation Treatment
  Atrial fibrillation is an abnormal heart rhythm. The heart's electrical system normally sends regularly spaced, predictable signals, telling the heart muscle to contract. The heart has two upper chambers, called atria, and two lower chambers, called ventricles.
  
  
• Atrial Flutter Symptom - Atrial Flutter Ablation
  Atrial flutter is a type of abnormal fast beating in the upper chambers of the heart. These fast beats prevent the atria from pushing all the blood into the ventricles. In turn, this prevents the body from receiving enough blood.
  
  
• Avian Influenza Virus - Avian Influenza H5N1
  Avian influenza is a strain of influenza that infects birds. In particular, ducks, geese, and chickens may become infected with avian influenza. In Asia, there have been cases of avian influenza that have infected humans. Viruses belonging to the A type of influenza viruses cause avian influenza.
  
  
• Cardiac Amyloidosis - Familial Amyloidosis - Primary Amyloidosis
  Amyloidosis is a group of rare diseases characterized by deposits of a protein called amyloid which accumulate in body tissues and organs, impairing normal function. The causes of amyloidosis vary in its different forms. Symptoms for amyloidosis include fatigue weight loss and heart failure.
  
  
• Cause of Restless Leg Syndrome - Treatment for Restless Leg Syndrome
  Restless legs syndrome is a sensory disorder causing an almost irresistible urge to move the legs. The urge to move is usually due to unpleasant feelings in the legs that occur when at rest.
  
  
• Causes of Narcolepsy - Narcolepsy Symptoms - Narcolepsy Treatment
  The unusual sleep pattern that people with narcolepsy have can affect their schooling, work, and social life. There is no cure yet for narcolepsy. This lifelong condition can be disabling if left untreated. But medicines and lifestyle changes can improve the symptoms of narcolepsy so that it is easier to live with.
  
  
• Chronic Appendicitis - Acute Appendicitis
  Appendicitis is inflammation of the appendix. The appendix is a small, tube-like organ that hangs from the intestines. Appendicitis usually occurs when the appendix becomes inflamed. This can be caused by something trapped in the appendix, such as a piece of food.
  
  
• Clinical Trials - Clinical Trial Management
  A clinical trial is a research study in human volunteers to answer specific health questions. Carefully conducted clinical trials are the fastest and safest way to find treatments that work in people.
  
  
• Coronary Atherosclerosis - Pathophysiology of Atherosclerosis
  Atherosclerosis is a form of arteriosclerosis affecting large and medium-sized arteries. Fatty deposits, called plaques, damage the lining of arteries causing them to narrow and harden. As plaque deposits gradually enlarge, they interfere with blood flow.
  
  
• Department of MRDD - Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities (MRDD)
  MRDD provides educational, vocational, and residential supports, programs, and services for children and adults with mental retardation and developmental disabilities. MRDD offers a full range of programs for adults with mental retardation and developmental disabilities throughout their life.
  
  
• Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention (EIBI) - Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
  A Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention (EIBI) program provides treatment for young children with autistic spectrum disorder.The EIBI program will help these children develop communication, play and other functional skills. EIBI programs may be provided in a variety of settings, including in the home, at day care centers and preschools.
  
  
• Frontal Lobe Brain Damage - Anoxic Brain Damage
  Treatment of anoxic brain damage depends on the cause. Initially, barbiturates may be used to slow down brain activity, and steroids and other medications may be used to reduce the swelling that accompanies injured brain tissue. Efforts are also made to increase the amount of oxygen reaching the brain. To reduce the risk of anoxic brain damage avoid chemical toxins and illicit drugs.
  
  
• Gardnerella Vaginitis - Atrophic Vaginitis - Bacterial Vaginitis
  Atrophic vaginitis involves redness, itching, and dryness of the vagina. Atrophic vaginitis happens after menopause in up to 75% of all women, and can also happen to some women after childbirth.
  
  
• Heart Arrhythmia - Basic Arrhythmias
  Arrhythmias are abnormal beats of the heart. An arrhythmia can be caused by the heart's natural pacemaker developing an abnormal rate. Some arrhythmias may occur without any symptoms. Others may cause noticeable symptoms, such as fainting, dizziness or chest pain.
  
  
• HIV/AIDS Services - HIV/AIDS Statistics - HIV/AIDS Information -
  Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is an illness that weakens the body's immune system. The immune systems of people with AIDS are not able to fight off certain infections and cancers. AIDS is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which destroys important immune system cells.
  
  
• Interstitial Cystitis - Hemorrhagic Cystitis - Acute Cystitis
  Acute cystitis is an infection of the bladder. The bladder is the part of the urinary tract that collects the urine from the kidneys. The urinary tract normally contains no microorganisms. However, sometimes bacteria or yeast from the lower gastrointestinal tract or rectal area enter the urinary tract.
  
  
• Macular Degeneration Treatment - Macular Degeneration Symptom
  Macular degeneration is deterioration of the macula in the eye. The macula is a tiny structure in the middle of the retina that helps produce central vision. Macular degeneration causes a gradual destruction of sharp, central vision. Macular degeneration is primarily a disease of aging, although in rare cases it can occur in younger people.
  
  
• Obstructive Sleep Apnea - Sleep Apnea Symptoms - Sleep Apnea Treatment
  Sleep apnea is a common disorder that can be very serious. In sleep apnea, your breathing stops or gets very shallow while you are sleeping. The most common type of sleep apnea is obstructive sleep apnea. During sleep, enough air cannot flow into your lungs through your mouth and nose even though you try to breathe.
  
  
• Ocular Albinism - Human Albinism - Albinism Genetics
  Albinism is a group of inherited disorders that are present from birth. and affect the amount of pigment found in the skin, hair, and eyes. People with albinism usually have little to no pigment in their eyes, skin, and hair, but the degree of pigment loss can be quite variable. Many persons with albinism have complete absence of pigment.
  
  
• Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD) - Autism Pervasive Developmental Disorder
  Pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) is a group of disorders characterized by delays in the development of socialization and communication skills. Symptoms may include problems with using and understanding language; difficulty relating to people, objects, and events; unusual play with toys and other objects; difficulty with changes in routine or familiar surroundings, and repetitive body movements or behavior patterns.
  
  
• Post Traumatic Stress Disorder - Symptoms of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder -
  These individuals may develope post traumatic stress disorder. People who suffer from post traumatic stress disorder often relive the experience through nightmares and flashbacks, have difficulty sleeping, and feel detached or estranged, and these symptoms can be severe enough and last long enough to significantly impair the person's daily life.
  
  
• Primary Atypical Pneumonia - Symptom of Atypical Pneumonia
  Atypical pneumonia is a lung infection. Typical pneumonia is a severe illness. It is usually caused by bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae. Typical pneumonia tends to strike older individuals, especially those with heart or lung conditions.
  
  
• Prinzmetals Angina - Angina Symptoms - Angina Pectoris
  Angina is a pain or discomfort in the chest that often has a squeezing or pressure-like quality. Angina is usually a symptom of coronary artery disease. Angina occurs when the blood vessels leading to the heart are blocked. This results in less blood, and therefore less oxygen, reaching the heart muscle. When the heart muscle is deprived of oxygen, chest pain and other symptoms result.
  
  
• Refractive Amblyopia - Adult Amblyopia - Pediatric Amblyopia
  Amblyopia is a condition that occurs when there is a reduction of vision in one eye. Amblyopia, which is often called lazy eye, is most common in infants and children. Amblyopia is caused when the brain prefers one eye to the other.
  
  
• Severe Aortic Stenosis - Aortic Valve Stenosis
  If you have mild aortic stenosis, your condition will be monitored, but may not need immediate treatment. If you have more severe aortic stenosis, your doctor may advise you to avoid strenuous physical activity. If necessary, you may be given medications to help prevent heart failure. Severe aortic stenosis may require surgery.
  
  
• Severe Athlete Foot - Treating Athlete Foot - Athlete Foot Disease
  Athletes foot symptoms usually start between the toes. As the infection progresses, it may spread to the soles or arches of the feet or to the toenails. Treatment for athletes foot may include foot hygiene and over-the-counter topical antifungals. Preventing athletes foot can be difficult, but keeping your feet clean and dry will help.
  
  
• Sickle Cell Anemia - Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
  Autoimmune hemolytic anemia is a condition in which your body’s immune system mistakenly attacks its own red blood cells, causing them to disintegrate. This can be a serious, even lethal, condition that requires care from your doctor.
  
  
• Sign of Autism - Autism Spectrum Disorder
  Autism is a complex brain disorder resulting in social, behavioral and language problems. People with autism have difficulty communicating and forming relationships. They may be preoccupied, engage in repetitive behaviors, and exhibit marked inflexibility.
  
  
• Stomach Ulcer - Peptic Ulcer - Aphthous Ulcer
  Although these sores are not serious, other mouth sores may be. Aphthous ulcers usually resolve on their own within 1-2 weeks, thus treatments for aphthous ulcers are not usually necessary. However, treatment options for especially painful or persistent aphthous ulcers may include a oral antibiotic four times daily for 10 days.
  
  
• Subsegmental Atelectasis - Basilar Atelectasis - Discoid Atelectasis
  The cause of atelectasis may include fluid in or around the lungs, Infection or blockage of airways in the lungs. Symptoms for Atelectasis include rapid breathing or shortness of breath. Treatment for Atelectasis may include physical therapy, respiratory therapy and medications.